Grammar book mcgraw hill intection pdf download free

The singular verb is agrees with the subject, glass. A title is always singular, even if nouns in the title are plural. Instant World Facts is a helpful reference book. Subjects combined with and or both need a plural verb unless the parts are of a whole unit.

When compound subjects are joined with or or nor, the verb agrees with the subject listed last. Canterbury and Coventry have famous cathedrals. A bagel and cream cheese is a filling snack. Either two short stories or a novel is acceptable for your book report. A verb must agree in number with an indefinite pronoun subject. Indefinite pronouns that are always singular: anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, and something Always plural: both, few, many, others, and several Either singular or plural: all, any, most, none, and some Most of the snow has melted.

All of the children have eaten. The neighbors pitched in, and the job went a lot faster. We ate everything except the crust. They were altogether prepared for a heated discussion. Besides the kitchen, the den is my favorite room. Use among to show a relationship in a group. The joke was between Hilary and Megan. The conversation among the teacher, the principal, and the janitor was friendly.

Use take to show movement from a nearby place to a more distant one. You may bring your model here. Please take a brochure with you when you go. Constance can walk to school. She may ride the bus if she wishes. Celia chose the purple folder. Use less with nouns that cannot be counted. There were fewer sunny days this year. I see less fog today than I expected. Lydia formerly lived in Spain, but now she lives in New York City.

The birds nest in the trees. A bird flew into our window yesterday. Possessive pronouns never have apostrophes. The dog lives in its own house. We lay the uniforms on the shelves each day. The players lie on the floor to do their sit-ups. Minton will teach French to us next year. Dad will let me go swimming today.

I did not want to lose my balance. Use much with nouns that cannot be counted. Many ants were crawling near the anthill. Marly can proceed with her travel plans. The other kittens were quite playful. Please raise your hand if you would like to help.

I left the bread in a warm spot to rise. Set can also be used to describe the sun going down. Please sit in your assigned seats. Set those dishes down. The sun set at First get comfortable, then look the pitcher right in the eye. The Westons returned to their favorite vacation spot. Theirs is one of the latest models.

You may go to the library. It is too cold for skating. There are only two days of vacation left. Where were you yesterday afternoon? Whose is the possessive form of who. Do you know whose books these are? Capitalize the first word of every sentence, including direct quotations and sentences in parentheses unless they are contained within another sentence.

Capitalize the first word in the salutation and closing of a letter. Capitalize the title and name of the person addressed.

Always capitalize the pronoun I no matter where it appears in the sentence. Since I knew you were coming, I baked a cake. Capitalize the following proper nouns: a. Names of individuals, the initials that stand for their names, and titles preceding a name or used instead of a name Governor Cordoba A. Shen Aunt Margaret Dr. Harada General Diaz b. Names and abbreviations of academic degrees, and Jr. Richard Boe, Ph.

Sammy Davis Jr. Names of cities, countries, states, continents, bodies of water, sections of the United States, and compass points when they refer to a specific section of the United States Boston Dade County North Carolina Australia Amazon River the South d. Names of ethnic groups, national groups, political parties and their members, and languages Hispanics Chinese Irish Italian Republican party 5. Capitalize proper adjectives adjectives formed from proper nouns. Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence and at the end of a polite command.

Miranda plays tennis every Tuesday. Write your name in the space provided. Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence. When will the new books arrive? Use an exclamation point to show strong feeling and indicate a forceful command. Oh, no! It was a terrific concert! Use a comma in the following situations: a. To separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series A tent, sleeping bag, and sturdy shoes are essential wilderness camping equipment.

To set off two or more prepositional phrases After the sound of the bell, we realized it was a false alarm. After an introductory participle and an introductory participial phrase Marveling at the sight, we waited to see another shooting star. After conjunctive adverbs Snow is falling; however, it is turning to sleet.

To set off an appositive if it is not essential to the meaning of the sentence Mr. Yoshino, the head of the department, resigned yesterday. To set off words or phrases of direct address Micha, have you called your brother yet? Between the main clauses of compound sentences Whiskers liked to watch the goldfish, and she sometimes dipped her paw in the bowl. After an introductory adverb clause and to set off a nonessential adjective clause Whenever we get careless, we always make mistakes.

Spelling errors, which are common, can now be corrected by computer. To separate parts of an address or a date Burma Drive, Waterbury, Connecticut She was born on February 2, , and she now lives in Bangor, Maine.

Use a semicolon in the following situations: a. To join main clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction The house looks dark; perhaps we should have called first. To separate two main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction when such clauses already contain several commas After a week of rain, the farmers around Ames, Iowa, waited hopefully; but the rain, unfortunately, had come too late. To separate main clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb or by for example or that is Jen was determined to win the race; nonetheless, she knew that it took more than determination to succeed.

Use a colon to introduce a list of items that ends a sentence. Bring the following tools: hammer, speed square, and drill. Use a colon to separate the hour and the minute in time measurements and after business letter salutations. Dear Sir: Dear Ms. Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation. When a quotation is interrupted, use two sets of quotation marks. Use single quotation marks for a quotation within a quotation. Always place commas and periods inside closing quotation marks.

Place colons and semicolons outside closing quotation marks. Place question marks and exclamation points inside closing quotation marks only when those marks are part of the quotation. Use quotation marks to indicate titles of short stories, poems, essays, songs, and magazine or newspaper articles. Italicize underline titles of books, plays, films, television series, paintings and sculptures, and names of newspapers and magazines.

Add an apostrophe and -s to form the possessive of singular indefinite pronouns, singular nouns, and plural nouns not ending in -s. Add only an apostrophe to plural nouns ending in -s to make them possessive.

Use an apostrophe in place of omitted letters or numerals. Use an apostrophe and -s to form the plural of letters, numerals, and symbols. Use a hyphen to divide words at the end of a line. Use a hyphen in a compound adjective that precedes a noun. Use a hyphen in compound numbers and fractions used as adjectives. Use a hyphen after any prefix joined to a proper noun or a proper adjective. Use a hyphen after the prefixes all-, ex-, and self- joined to a noun or adjective, the prefix anti- joined to a word beginning with i-, and the prefix vice- except in the case of vice president.

Use dashes to signal a break or change in thought. I received a letter from Aunt Carla—you have never met her—saying she is coming to visit. Use parentheses to set off supplemental material. Punctuate within the parentheses only if the punctuation is part of the parenthetical expression. Place one gallon 3. Soga, Ph. Quentin Use the abbreviations A. Abbreviate numerical measurements in scientific writing but not in ordinary prose.

The newborn snakes measured 3. Pour 45 ml warm water into the beaker. Spell out cardinal and ordinal numbers that can be written in one or two words or that appear at the beginning of a sentence.

Two hundred twenty runners crossed the finish line. Observers counted forty-nine sandhill cranes. Express all related numbers in a sentence as numerals if any one should be expressed as a numeral. There were volunteers, but only 9 showed up because of the bad weather.

Spell out ordinal numbers. Nina won third place in the spelling bee. Use words for decades, for amounts of money that can be written in one or two words, and for the approximate time of day or when A.

Use numerals for dates; for decimals; for house, apartment, and room numbers; for street or avenue numbers; for telephone numbers; for page numbers; for percentages; for sums of money involving both dollars and cents; and to emphasize the exact time of day or when A. Clues to the meaning of an unfamiliar word can be found in its context. Context clues include definitions, the meaning stated; example, the meaning explained through one familiar case; comparison, similarity to a familiar word; contrast, opposite of a familiar word; and cause and effect, a reason and its results.

The meaning of a word can be obtained from its base word, its prefix, or its suffix. The i comes before the e, except when both letters follow a c or when both letters are pronounced together as an a— sound. However, many exceptions exist to this rule. An unstressed vowel is a vowel sound that is not emphasized when the word is pronounced. Determine how to spell this sound by comparing it to a known word.

When joining a prefix that ends in the same letter as the word, keep both consonants. When adding a suffix that begins with a consonant to a word that ends in silent e, generally keep the e. If the suffix begins with a vowel or y, generally drop the e. If the suffix begins with a or o and the word ends in ce or ge, keep the e. If the suffix begins with a vowel and the word ends in ee or oe, keep the e.

When adding -ly to a word that ends in a single l, keep the l. If it ends in a double l, drop one l. When forming compound words, maintain the spelling of both words. Most nouns form their plurals by adding -s. However, nouns that end in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z form plurals by adding -es. If the noun ends in -lf, change f to v and add -es. If the noun ends in -fe, change f to v and add -s. To form the plural of proper names and one-word compound nouns, follow the general rules for plurals.

To form the plural of hyphenated compound nouns or compound nouns of more than one word, make the most important word plural. Wilsons Diazes housekeepers sisters-in-law editors-in-chief Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms. Use prewriting to find ideas to write about. One form of prewriting, freewriting, starts with a subject or topic and branches off into related ideas.

Another way to find a topic is to ask and answer questions about your starting subject, helping you to gain a deeper understanding of your chosen topic. Also part of the prewriting stage is determining who your readers or audience will be and deciding your purpose for writing. To complete your first draft, organize your prewriting into an introduction, body, and conclusion. Concentrate on unity and coherence of the overall piece.

Revise your composition if necessary. Read through your draft, looking for places to improve content and structure. Remember that varying your sentence patterns and lengths will make your writing easier and more enjoyable to read.

In the editing stage, check your grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Focus on expressing your ideas clearly and concisely. Finally, prepare your writing for presentation. Sharing your composition, or ideas, with others may take many forms: printed, oral, or graphic.

Outlining 1. The two common forms of outlines are sentence outlines and topic outlines. Choose one type of outline and keep it uniform throughout. A period follows the number or letter of each division. Each point in a sentence outline ends with a period; the points in a topic outline do not.

Each point begins with a capital letter. A point may have no fewer than two subpoints. This is the main point. Main point A. This is a subpoint of I. Subpoint of I 1. This is a detail of A.

Detail of A a. This is a detail of 1. Detail of 1 b. Detail of 1 2. Detail of A B. Subpoint of I II. This is another main point. Main point Writing Letters 1. Personal letters are usually handwritten in indented form first line of paragraphs, each line of the heading and inside address, and the signature are indented. Business letters are usually typewritten in block or semiblock form. Block form contains no indents; semiblock form indents only the first line of each paragraph.

Reveal your personality and imagination in colorful personal letters. Keep business letters brief, clear, and courteous. Personal letters include letters to friends and family members. Thank-you notes and invitations are personal letters that may be either formal or informal in style.

Use a letter of request, a type of business letter, to ask for information or to place an order. Be concise, yet give all the details necessary for your request to be fulfilled. Keep the tone of your letter courteous, and be generous in allotting time for a response. Use an opinion letter to take a firm stand on an issue. Make the letter clear, firm, rational, and purposeful. Be aware of your audience, their attitude, how informed they are, and their possible reactions to your opinion.

Support your statements of opinion with facts. Hoped it was lasagna. Was hot and tired afterward. Arrived just in the nick of time. She hoped it was lasagna. I jogged around the park twice. I was hot and tired afterward. Li Cheng raced to the bus stop. He arrived just in the nick of time.

Make a complete sentence by adding a subject to the fragment. His assistant after lunch. The ants around in constant motion. Mammoth Cave. His assistant helped after lunch. Troubleshooter Ant farms are fascinating. The ants crawl around in constant motion. Our class went on a field trip.

Mammoth Cave was our destination. Make a complete sentence by adding a predicate. In the nursery. The whole house smelled fresh and clean. In the morning. The noisy chatter of the squirrels awakened us early in the morning. Combine the fragment with another sentence.

Need More help in avoiding sentence More fragments is available in Lesson 3. They are next to the salad bar. Make two sentences by separating the first clause from the second with end punctuation, such as a period or a question mark, and starting the second sentence with a capital letter. Place a semicolon between the main clauses of the sentence. She passed her exam. Troubleshooter Make two sentences out of the run-on sentence.

Add a comma and a coordinating conjunction between the main clauses. Julian gazed at the moon, and he marveled at its brightness. Add a comma before the coordinating conjunction.

Need More help in avoiding run-on More sentences is available in Help? Lesson 6. The house in the suburbs was just what she wanted. Make sure that the verb agrees with the subject of the sentence, not with the object of a preposition. The object of a preposition is never the subject. Troubleshooter There are the pencils you were looking for. Here are the snapshots from our vacation to the Grand Canyon. In sentences that begin with here or there, look for the subject after the verb.

Make sure that the verb agrees with the subject. Many of the movies were black and white. Most of the leaves are turning colors. Some indefinite pronouns are singular, some are plural, and some can be either singular or plural. Determine whether the indefinite pronoun is singular or plural, and make the verb agree. Use a plural verb if the parts of the compound subject do not belong to one unit or if they refer to different people or things.

Use a singular verb if the parts of the compound subject belong to one unit or if they refer to the same person or thing. Troubleshooter Neither pepper nor spices improve the flavor of this sauce. Either Caroline or Robin volunteers at the local food pantry. Make the verb agree with the subject that is closer to it. Need More help with subject-verb More agreement is available in Help? Lessons 53— They sailed last month for Barbados. Sally and James landed at the airport yesterday.

To form the past tense and the past participle, add -ed to a regular verb. Troubleshooter Trent drank all the orange juice. The evening breeze blew the clouds away. Irregular verbs vary in their past and past participle forms. Look up the ones you are not sure of. Consider memorizing them if you feel it is necessary.

Use the past participle form of an irregular verb, and not its past form, when you use the auxiliary verb have. Henry ran with Philip, but Philip was faster.

When Sarah visits Corinne, Corinne is glad for the company. Substitute a noun for the pronoun to make your sentence clearer. Troubleshooter Nina and they bought theater tickets yesterday.

Karen and I heard the good news on the television. Use a subject pronoun as the subject part of a sentence. The new signs confused Clark and them. Grant wrote her a letter of apology. An object pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition. Lessons 25— Literature is my best subject. The words better and best are the comparative and superlative forms of the word good.

Do not use the words more or most before the irregular forms of comparative and superlative adjectives. Do not use -er and more together. Need More help with the correct use More of adjectives is available in Help? Lessons 31— Jake ate dinner, watched a movie, and visited friends.

If there are three or more items in a series, use a comma after each item except the last one. The interrupting words are also followed by a comma. The old lane, a tree-lined gravel path, is a great place to walk on a hot afternoon. Decide whether the appositive is truly essential to the meaning of the sentence. If it is not essential, set it off with commas.

Decide whether the clause is truly essential to the meaning of the sentence. If it is not essential, then set it off with commas. Place a comma after an introductory adverbial clause. Need More help with commas is More available in Lessons 78— Place an apostrophe before a final -s to form the possessive of a singular noun, even one that ends in -s.

Use an apostrophe by itself to form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in -s. When a plural noun does not end in -s, use an apostrophe and an -s to form the possessive of the noun. Troubleshooter Do not use apostrophes with possessive personal pronouns. Use an apostrophe to form the contraction of it is. Need More help with apostrophes More and possessives is available in Help?

Lesson Capitalize proper nouns and adjectives referring to ethnic groups, nationalities, and languages. Need More help with capitalization is More available in Lessons 73— All sentences begin with a capital letter. A declarative sentence makes a statement.

It ends with a period. It ends with a question mark. Florida summers are very hot. Can you help me with my algebra? Is the president addressing the nation on television tonight? My grandfather was an army sergeant. Mitchell plans to audition for the choir.

Margaret bought this dress in Mexico. Claire, will you help me practice my lines? Are you going to camp this summer? You are good at solving puzzles. How long did it take you to read The Red Badge of Courage?

Our soccer team won the league championship. The butterfly slowly unfolded its wings. The wind knocked down a large tree. Have you met the new teacher yet? Which wrestlers won their matches? The title of the mystery novel was misleading. What is the weather forecast for tomorrow? Has anyone seen my blue folder? Are snowflakes all the same shape? Do you and your friends appreciate the same kinds of music?

The new car is midnight blue. Grammar 1. Have you met Danielle yet? Who is hungry? The fire engines roared past us. Suzanne wandered home from school. Did Clyde get the part he wanted in the musical comedy? Self-Assessment Logs encourage students to evaluate their learning. Skills index for each student book helps instructors match textbook content with curricular standards and objectives.

Guided practice using a variety of graphic organizers provides students with organization tools for academic skill building.

Best Practices approach in the Teacher's Edition promotes excellence in language teaching and learning. This is the intermediate to high intermediate level Grammar student book. This is the high intermediate to low advanced level grammar student book. Language proficiencies are articulated from the beginning through advanced levels within each of the four language-skill strands. Chapter themes articulate across the four strands to systematically recycle content, vocabulary and grammar.

Language proficiencies are articulated from the beginning through advanced levels within each of the four language skill strands. Chapter themes articulate across the four skill strands to promote systematic recycling of vocabulary and grammar. Enhanced focus on vocabulary building, test taking, and critical thinking skills promotes academic achievement.

Guided practice with using a variety of graphic organizers provides students with organization tools for academic skill building. It incorporates interactive and communicative activities, while focusing on skill building to prepare students for academic content. Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking, as well as Grammar are presented in each strand.

The new edition, for beginners to advanced learners, incorporates interactive and communicative activities while still focusing on skill building to prepare students for academic content. New Features New design, content, audio programs, photos, and illustrations reinforce skill-building exercises. User-friendly instructions, complete scope and sequence, and consistent chapter structure offer greater flexibility in lesson planning. In This Chapter shows students the grammar points that will be covered in the chapter.

Setting the Context Activities introduce key vocabulary and familiarize students with the chapter theme. Introductory activities include model conversations, readings, class discussion, prediction activities, previewing, and pair interviews.

Pairwork Activities encourage students to personalize and practice the target language. Grammar Explanation and Charts provide clear, easy-to-understand, and visually appealing grammar presentations. Groupwork activities maximize opportunities for discussion. Video News Broadcasts immerse students in authentic language, complete with scaffolding and follow-up activities to reinforce grammar skills.

Three indexes assist students in finding words, constructions, and grammatical categories. This third edition incorporates a number of helpful revisions, additions and corrections made to the second edition by W. Robertson Smith and M. The result is an unmatched resource for English-speaking students wishing to master the intricacies of Arabic. Arabic Grammar in Context offers a unique and exciting approach to learning grammar.

It presents grammar as a necessary and essential tool for understanding Arabic and for developing comprehension and production skills. Features include: authentic texts from a rich variety of sources, literary and non-literary, used as the starting point for the illustration and explanation of key areas of Arabic grammar clear and authoritative demonstration of the relevance of grammar for understanding and interpreting Arabic a wide range of appropriate exercises designed to consolidate learning fully vocalized exercises and texts a glossary of vocabulary and expressions provided at the end of the book audio readings of the texts available online for additional listening practice.

Suitable for class use and independent study, Arabic Grammar in Context is ideal for intermediate to advanced learners of Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic Grammar is comprehensive guide thatintroduces readers to the basic structure and grammar of the Arabiclanguage.

Its features include: Comprehensive coverage of Arabic grammar and structure incurrent standard use MSA , from entry level to advancedproficiency Balanced treatment of the phonological, syntactic, andmorphological rules of the Arabic language An intuitive presentation of grammar rules and structures, inorder of frequency and functional use Straightforward explanations with minimum linguistic jargon andterminology, explaining the key issues Packed throughout with symbols, tables, diagrams, andillustrative examples, this book is essential reading for anyone inthe early years of studying the language.

It has been organised to promote a thorough understanding of MSA grammar and presents its complexities in a cohesive and user-friendly format, filling many gaps left by other textbooks. Explanations are clear, full and accessible and extensive cross-referencing, two generous indices and six appendices provide users with easy access to the information they require.

No prior knowledge of linguistic terminology is required. It will be an essential resource for students and teachers of Arabic at all university levels and is suitable for use both as a companion reference text in Arabic language courses and as a standalone text in independent grammar classes. Clear structural explanations and practice activities make it a perfect companion for formal language classes as well as any self-teaching course. It is based on and replaces Thatcher's Arabic Grammar and has a vocabulary of over 4, words, almost twice as many as in the old Thatcher, while the number of chapters has been increased from forty-nine to fifty-two.

The Supplement contains a number of new features. Apart from selections from the Qur'an, fables, stories, newspaper extracts, advertisements and letters, additional material in the form of extracts from classical and modern Arabic writings and proverbs is included. Appendix A provides a useful introduction to the main colloquial Arabic dialects, Appendix B, a useful reading guide, and Appendix C, further grammatical information not supplied in the first edition.

This is above all a practical grammar, not an advanced reference grammar like Wright's. It is meant for the beginner who is not familiar with the peculiarities of Semitic languages. It will meet most students' needs for the first two or three years of their study.

This book explores aspects of the Arabic Grammatical Tradition and Arabic Linguistics from both a theoretical and descriptive perspective. It also touches on issues of relevance to other disciplines, particularly Qur'anic exegesis and jurisprudence. The links between the fields of language and religion are historically strong in the Arabic and Islamic traditions as so much time and effort was spent by grammarians in interpreting the precise meanings of two of the main sources of Islamic jurisprudence - the Quran and Hadith.

Prof Suleiman has assembled an international team of experts in this area and presents a thorough review of the sources and arguments. The book will be of interest to all students, researchers and teachers of Arabic Language and Culture.